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游戏诞生之日03 - 美术篇

游戏诞生之日03 - 美术篇 游戏中的特效制作

转自https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/91261676

在本篇文章我们将讨论一下特效的制作方式。

第八块拼图 - 特效师们的秘密武器

粒子系统。特效师手中的秘密武器,在不同参数的调节下它可以变化为各类物体,从烟花到爆炸,从沙尘到雪花。粒子系统本质上是一个大批量游戏物体的创建与管理器。

首先我们看两个示例特效的创建过程。

使用Unity粒子系统创建火焰特效

使用Unity粒子系统创建荧光特效

这里给出两个粒子系统的详细设置。

火焰粒子系统设置

荧光粒子系统设置

对各模块详细的解释可以参考这篇博客《Unity 特效:Particle System(粒子系统)

我认为这两个特效示例比较具有代表意义,一些常见的粒子特效都可以以上面的特效为基础,加以变形组合而成。

序列帧动画粒子

火焰特效代表的是序列帧动画粒子,视觉焦点在粒子的纹理材质上。除了火焰外,烟雾、爆炸、闪电、光晕等特效也属于这个范围,正如视频中显示的那样,对粒子效果影响最明显的部分之一就是序列帧动画。这张序列帧贴图质量决定了特效的质感。高质量,符合运动规律的序列帧看起来很真实,而低质量的序列帧则让特效看起来廉价。

一张典型的序列帧 来自Unity示例 RealtimeGI

目前我还没有研究怎么生产序列帧,示例中的序列帧是从RealtimeGI中找来的。我认为序列帧大概会有以下几种生产方式:

  • 使用3D软件进行流体模拟解算
  • 使用摄像机进行捕捉
  • 手工绘制

将来有机会我们可以继续深入研究。

点状粒子

荧光特效代表体积很小的点状粒子,视觉焦点在于粒子的运动轨迹和粒子的变化上。像是雨,雪,花瓣,碎屑,火星等特效就属于这个范围。Unity提供了多种控制粒子运动轨迹的方式,可以为粒子系统添加阻尼,重力,额外受力,还可以添加噪声扰动。粒子系统很直观,可以多进行观察和尝试。

一些比较高级的特效使用了大量的点状粒子来实现一个整体的形状效果,例如Unity日本的Keijiro大神制作的特效 Voxel ManSkinner (虽然这两个项目用的并非粒子系统组件),像这样大量的粒子需要高度并发地进行处理,新版GPU粒子系统VisualEffectGraph就能创建出这样大批量的粒子,我们可以在未来进行研究。

除了上述几种粒子外,粒子系统还可以用于创建三维模型,物理模拟,混合不同的方式最终创建出我们所需要的特效。

动图封面

Voxel Man

动图封面

Skinner

第八块拼图 - 特效组件 粒子系统

  • 付出成本: 3
  • 上手难度: 2
  • 可控性: 5
  • 表现效果: 6
  • 性价比: 2.2


第九块拼图 - 特效是怎么构成的

构成特效的其他方式

特效并不仅仅单有粒子系统,我们还可以用其他东西作为特效的实现方式:

  • 广告牌:一个永远面向摄像机的平面。通常用于不重要的物件或是远景,以免被看出破绽。包括粒子系统的粒子也是用了这种方式。常用于草丛,树叶,闪光等效果。
  • 模型:挂载透明或发光等特殊材质的模型,常用于发光物体。
  • UV动画:对贴图采样的uv坐标随时间变化而变化,常用于实现流光特效的等效果。
  • 贴花:在模型表面贴上一层贴图,可以改变颜色,法线和高度图等信息。常用于涂鸦,弹痕,血渍等效果。
  • 拖尾渲染器:产生一条拖尾网格模型。用于剑气,尾迹,弹道等物体的渲染。
  • 特殊Shader:如一些Shader生成的动画,或是一些特殊风格的渲染。

在生产一个特效时,就需要权衡最合适的实现方式,组合出特效。

使用分层思想

一个特效往往不是有单一的组件实现的,我们需要将一个想要的效果拆解为不同的层次,然后考虑每一层次填充的内容。

  • 首先按照阶段进行分层。例如一次射击中,可以分为手枪开火特效,子弹飞行特效,击中特效。
  • 然后对每个特效按类型进行分层。例如射击特效就包含枪口的火焰,射出的烟雾,闪烁的灯光。
  • 最后按视觉效果分层为主体,氛围,细节。主体特效是整个视觉的中心,有明显的颜色或形状变化,决定了特效整体的基调。氛围往往是灯光或是不太明显的烟雾,产生一种泛光的感觉。细节部分往往是一些细碎的效果,让特效看起来更精致。如手枪击中墙壁的特效,腾起的烟雾就是主体,光照是氛围,而溅起的黑色粉末是细节。

怎么让特效看起来有趣

我认为一个特效如果要看起来有趣,大致有下面几个属性里会有明显的亮点:

  • 运动的节奏,充分运用动画原理,有节奏地动画能不仅够吸引人的目光,甚至能创造出时间停滞的印象。
  • 颜色和光照,粒子表现出明亮的泛光,并配合一定光照的变换。
  • 力场感,关注粒子的整体效果,例如控制粒子出生点组成一个特殊形状,或是运动时对某个区域内有不同的受力,看起来就像空间中存在一个特殊力场。
  • 特殊效果,一些较为少见的效果,例如x光,扭曲等,需要使用特殊的着色器进行渲染。
  • 细腻的纹理,对于烟雾这样的效果而言,纹理非常重要。
  • Realistic Effects Pack 4
  • Realistic Effects Pack 4
  • Realistic Effects Pack 4

大家可以找一些特效实例进行拆解,以学习特效里的构成方式。记住保持轻量。

下面是我们游戏中添加了开火特效的效果。

为游戏添加开火特效

第九块拼图 - 特效 组合各类效果

  • 付出成本: 4
  • 上手难度: 4
  • 可控性: 6
  • 表现效果: 6
  • 性价比: 1.5


我们又新增两块拼图,现在能够做出一个有特效的场景了。但是为了进一步实现游戏的玩法设计,我们还需要引入更多的模块。

思维导图

下一章打算研究一下物理和AI相关的话题,敬请期待。

这一系列文章将会收藏于专栏之中,希望大家多多支持。

游戏诞生之日 - 游戏开发流程研究IceDust 的专栏12 篇内容 · 767 赞同 · 593 订阅

只要对游戏开发有兴趣,欢迎加入交流群 Unity游戏开发流程研究 479984340

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5.1 GEEEU incurs substantial costs in providing services to you and reserves the right to charge fees under its policies to cover website maintenance expenses.
5.2 Refunds
Due to the unique nature of download services, refunds will not be accepted once files are downloaded and stored on your device, except in cases where files are irreparably damaged. For unused download services, GEEEU accepts unconditional refund requests.
VI. Privacy Protection
6.1 Protecting user privacy is a fundamental policy of GEEEU. GEEEU will not disclose or provide individual user registration data or non-public content stored during service usage to third parties, except in the following circumstances:

6.1.1 Prior explicit consent from the user;
6.1.2 Legal or regulatory requirements;

6.1.3 Requests from government authorities;
6.1.4 To protect public interests;
6.2 GEEEU may collaborate with third parties to provide services. In such cases, if the third party agrees to assume privacy protection responsibilities equivalent to GEEEU’s, user registration data may be shared.
6.3 GEEEU may analyze and commercially utilize aggregated user databases without disclosing individual private data.
VII. Disclaimer
7.1 Users acknowledge that legal risks arising from using GEEEU’s services shall be borne by both parties as required by law.


7.2 GEEEU fulfills basic obligations under the law but disclaims liability for service interruptions or defects caused by force majeure or uncontrollable factors, to the extent permitted by law. Efforts will be made to mitigate user losses.
7.3 You agree that services may be interrupted or terminated due to force majeure—unforeseeable, unavoidable events such as network maintenance, system failures, power outages, strikes, natural disasters, wars, legal changes, or third-party actions. GEEEU will collaborate with relevant parties to resolve issues promptly but disclaims liability for resulting losses within legal limits.
7.4 To the extent permitted by law, GEEEU disclaims responsibility for service disruptions caused by:
(1) Computer viruses, malware, or hacker attacks;
(2) Software/hardware/communication failures on the user’s or GEEEU’s systems;



(3) User operational errors;
(4) Unauthorized use of services;
(5) Other uncontrollable or unforeseeable circumstances.
7.5 Unless explicitly stated in writing, GEEEU makes no express or implied warranties regarding the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of information, content, materials, products, or services on its platform.
VIII. Liability for Breach
8.1 If GEEEU violates applicable laws, regulations, or any terms of this Agreement, resulting in losses to users, GEEEU shall bear liability for corresponding damages.
8.2 Users agree to safeguard the interests of GEEEU and other users. If a user breaches laws, regulations, or this Agreement, causing harm to GEEEU or third parties, the user shall legally compensate for such damages.
IX. Notices
9.1 All notices from GEEEU to users under this Agreement may be delivered via website announcements, emails, or postal mail. Notices are deemed received on the date of transmission.
9.2 Notices from users to GEEEU must be sent to GEEEU’s officially published contact details (e.g., postal address, fax, email).
X. Governing Law
10.1 The execution, interpretation, and dispute resolution of this Agreement shall be governed by the laws of China and subject to the jurisdiction of Chinese courts.
10.2 Any disputes arising from this Agreement shall first be resolved through amicable negotiation. If unresolved, either party may file a lawsuit with the People’s Court where GEEEU is located.
XI. Miscellaneous

11.1 This Agreement constitutes the entire understanding between the parties, superseding all prior agreements, and grants no additional rights beyond those expressly stated herein.

11.2 If any provision of this Agreement is deemed invalid or unenforceable, the remaining provisions shall remain valid and binding.
11.3 Section headings are for convenience only and shall not affect interpretation.
11.4 Use download accounts responsibly. Accounts engaging in malicious scraping or unauthorized image downloads will be suspended. Contact customer service for inquiries.
11.5 GEEEU disclaims liability for losses caused by using software obtained from unauthorized third parties.
11.6 You acknowledge risks such as exposure to harmful, defamatory, or illegal content from anonymous users. Exercise caution and report violations to GEEEU or authorities. GEEEU conducts routine content reviews and addresses reports but disclaims responsibility for third-party content or damages.
11.7 [Severability] If any provision is invalidated, the remainder of the Agreement shall remain enforceable.
For questions or suggestions regarding this Agreement, contact GEEEU’s customer service during business hours.
Thank you for your careful review!


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