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这里有一份性能优化方案可参考

手游特效太多怎么办?这里有一份性能优化方案可参考

转自https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/337945404

​导语 本文内容为专家坐诊栏目,这是腾讯游戏学院专家团打造的栏目。面向行业中小团队,分享腾讯学院专家团在过往指导中所提炼的共性问题总结。

本期分享嘉宾:KM,图形图像优化渲染方面专家。

在 ACT 游戏中华丽的特效是不可或缺的部份,但渲染这类半透明特效时往往带来的性能上的开销,特别在最高画质打开 HDR 及 MSAA 后情况更为严重。本篇文章将从移动端 GPU 的运作特性分析半透明特效在高画质的设定下造成性能问题的原因,并分享一个在 UE4 中实现的优化方案和结果。

移动端GPU运作特性

与桌上/主机 GPU 常见的 IMR (Immediate-Mode Rendering) 不同,现时市场上通用的移动端 GPU (例如 Adreno / Mali / PowerVR 等)都采用了 TBR(Tile Based Rendering) 的方案来节省数据传输的带宽;借此减少访问片外内存(Off-chip / External Memory 一个在移动平台上十分消耗电量和耗时的操作) 的次数。

尽管每个硬件厂商在实现 TBR 的细节上有所不同,但运作原理都大致如下:[ 1 ]

动图封面


首先,GPU 的 Tiler 会将画面分成一个个二维的 Tile (矩形区块)。模型的顶点经过 Vertex Shader / Clipping / Back Face Culling 以后会变成一个个屏幕空间的三角形,这些三角形会被缓存在一个 Triangle Cache 里面。假如某三角形需要在某个 Tile 里面绘制,那该 Tile 的 Triangle List 中存一个索引;以上步骤称为 Binning。

生成的 Triangle Cache 与 Triangle List 等数据会保存在 System Memory 中的 Intermediate store 内。

当一帧里所有的渲染命令都经执行完 Vertex Shader 并生成 Triangle List 后,GPU会把逐个 Tile 的 Triangle List 从 System Memory 传回 GPU 内并执行 Raster / Pixel Shader / Blending 等运算。[ 2 ]

对 GPU 的性能影响

HDR / MSAA

GPU 的 On-Chip Memory有非常高的读写速度,能大大提升MSAA/Alpha 混合的效率;但由于成本昂贵,因此 On-Chip Memory 的空间非常有限。例如从 Google 开源的 Andriod 驱动代码中可以得知,即使是旗舰级的 Adreno 630 亦只有 1 MiB 的 GMEM (即 Adreno 系列的 GPU On-Chip Memory)。[ 3 ]

由于打开 HDR 与 MSAA 需要更多空间来保存渲染结果,GPU 只能够透过缩小 Tile 的尺寸来乎合 On-Chip Memory 的固定大小。进行渲染的 Tile 数量会因此而增加。

换言之,从 System Memory 传送 Raster 数据到 GPU / 把渲染结果从 GPU 传回 Framebuffer 的次数会增加,为带宽造成压力及延迟 (Latency)。[ 4 ]

例子:假如GPU On-Chip Memory 大小为 1MB 同样以1920 x 1080 的分辨率 16-bit Depth 进行渲染的情况下,使用 LDR (RGBA) 以及没有 MSAA,Framebuffer 约需要:

· (1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2) Bytes 1 1920 * 1080 = 12441600 Bytes = 11.87MB

· 即需要拆分为 ~12个 Tile 来进行渲染

而使用 FP16 HDR 以及打开 4x MSAA Framebuffer 约需要:

· (2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2) Bytes 4 1920 * 1080 = 82944000 Bytes = 79.10MB

· 即需要拆分为 ~80个 Tile 来进行渲染

因此 HDR + 4x MSAA 会比 LDR 的多消耗 6 倍带宽。

Alpha 混合

即使 Alpha 混合是在高速的 On-Chip Memory 内进行,但是带 Alpha 混合的像素与像素之间不能启用早期 Early Z 优化,因此 Overdraw 的像素会对性能造成一定影响。

此外,移动端 GPU 的 Output Merger (或者 ROP) 进行定点数(UNORM) 的 Alpha 混合会比浮点数 (FP16) 有更佳的性能,因为一般的移动端 GPU Output Merger 都是模拟浮点数的混合。与此同时,移动端 GPU 在进行 MSAA 的浮点数 Alpha 混合时是需要逐个样本计算混合。即是说 4x MSAA 的 FP16 Alpha 混合每个 Fragment 便需要进行 4 遍 Alpha 混合计算。[ 5 ]

UE4 的移动端渲染管线

了解到移动端 GPU 的 HDR 及 MSAA 特性后,我们再分析一下 UE4 在移动端的渲染管线。

首先我们使用 RenderDoc 抓一帧的数据。

我们可以观察到 UE4 是直接以 FP16 + MSAA 的 SceneColorMobile RT (Render Target) 来渲染所有带 Translucency 的物件 (粒子系统/半透特效)。

之后会把 FP16 + MSAA 的 SceneColorMobile RT 进行 Resolve, 并运行后处理效果(此时只有 HDR ,不带 MSAA)。最后把后处理结果拷贝到屏幕的 Back Buffer 上并渲染 UI / HUD 等(这阶段都不带 HDR 与 MSAA)。

因此在一个放置 ~70个 Translucency Drawcall 的场景中,Draw Time 由 ~14 ms (不带 HDR / MSAA) 上升到 ~20 ms (带 HDR & MSAA)。

优化方案

MSAA 的特性

由于 MSAA 的抗锯齿效果是针对三角形的边沿部分而设计,对使用贴图定义透明度的特效基本上起不了什么作用。

[ 6 ]

所以优化思路就是把半透明的特效先渲染到另一个没有带 MSAA 的 Render Target (RT) 内,之后再以后处理的方式混合到场景内。但这衍生另一个问题,如何在另一个 RT 渲染半透特效时使用现有场景的深度 (Z-Buffer) 来作 Depth-Test 呢?

移动端 MSAA

在桌上 GPU 我们可以把带 MSAA 的 Z-Buffer Resolve 到另一个相同尺寸但不带MSAA 的 Buffer 中,但移动端 GPU 一般都不带这功能。

在移动端 GPU,MSAA 一般是先把 MSAA 样本先暂存在 On-Chip Memory 之后马上进行 Resolve,最后在整个 Tile 完成渲染时把结果传回 System Memory 的 RT 内。因此移动端的 Color RT 都不会带 MSAA 样本。

针对以上特性,UE4 的移动端渲染管线在打开 HDR (FP16) 支持后会把已线性化的场景深度 (Linear SceneDepth) 直接保存到 Color RT 的 Alpha 通道内,以便在后处理效果(例如: Depth of Field / Sun Shaft)中能够访问场景深度。

因此在我们的方案中,是把 Color RT 的 Alpha 通道改为保存未线性化的深度(UE4 是 Reversed Z),在渲染半透特效之前把 SceneDepth 以后处理的 Shader 复制到半透 RT 的 Z-Buffer 内。

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7.4 To the extent permitted by law, GEEEU disclaims responsibility for service disruptions caused by:
(1) Computer viruses, malware, or hacker attacks;
(2) Software/hardware/communication failures on the user’s or GEEEU’s systems;



(3) User operational errors;
(4) Unauthorized use of services;
(5) Other uncontrollable or unforeseeable circumstances.
7.5 Unless explicitly stated in writing, GEEEU makes no express or implied warranties regarding the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of information, content, materials, products, or services on its platform.
VIII. Liability for Breach
8.1 If GEEEU violates applicable laws, regulations, or any terms of this Agreement, resulting in losses to users, GEEEU shall bear liability for corresponding damages.
8.2 Users agree to safeguard the interests of GEEEU and other users. If a user breaches laws, regulations, or this Agreement, causing harm to GEEEU or third parties, the user shall legally compensate for such damages.
IX. Notices
9.1 All notices from GEEEU to users under this Agreement may be delivered via website announcements, emails, or postal mail. Notices are deemed received on the date of transmission.
9.2 Notices from users to GEEEU must be sent to GEEEU’s officially published contact details (e.g., postal address, fax, email).
X. Governing Law
10.1 The execution, interpretation, and dispute resolution of this Agreement shall be governed by the laws of China and subject to the jurisdiction of Chinese courts.
10.2 Any disputes arising from this Agreement shall first be resolved through amicable negotiation. If unresolved, either party may file a lawsuit with the People’s Court where GEEEU is located.
XI. Miscellaneous

11.1 This Agreement constitutes the entire understanding between the parties, superseding all prior agreements, and grants no additional rights beyond those expressly stated herein.

11.2 If any provision of this Agreement is deemed invalid or unenforceable, the remaining provisions shall remain valid and binding.
11.3 Section headings are for convenience only and shall not affect interpretation.
11.4 Use download accounts responsibly. Accounts engaging in malicious scraping or unauthorized image downloads will be suspended. Contact customer service for inquiries.
11.5 GEEEU disclaims liability for losses caused by using software obtained from unauthorized third parties.
11.6 You acknowledge risks such as exposure to harmful, defamatory, or illegal content from anonymous users. Exercise caution and report violations to GEEEU or authorities. GEEEU conducts routine content reviews and addresses reports but disclaims responsibility for third-party content or damages.
11.7 [Severability] If any provision is invalidated, the remainder of the Agreement shall remain enforceable.
For questions or suggestions regarding this Agreement, contact GEEEU’s customer service during business hours.
Thank you for your careful review!


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